Islamic political thought is a tradition of conceptualizing human affairs that originates with the Prophet Muhammad (570–632 ce) in seventh‐century Arabia. In his lifetime Muhammad recited the Qur'an and established a precedent (sunna) that Muslims ever since have taken as a guide for how to establish a just community. In the following centuries Muslims spread the Islamic way of life (din) across the Middle East, North Africa, southern Europe, Iran, Central Asia, and India, until today approximately one and half billion people, or one fifth of humanity, identifies as Muslim. Islamic political thought has consistency insofar as certain terms – such as community (umma), justice (‘adl), and struggle (jihad) – recur throughout the Qur'an and Prophetic narratives (hadith) and subsequent political texts.
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